Edgar Allan Poe Everything You Got to Know

American writer and literary critic (1809–1849)

Edgar Allan Poe
1849 "Annie" daguerreotype of Poe
Born	Edgar Poe (1809-01-19)Jan 19, 1809 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
Died	October 7, 1849(1849-x-07) (aged 40) Baltimore, Maryland, U.Due south.
Alma mater	University of Virginia United States Military Academy
Spouse	Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe (chiliad. 1836; died 1847)
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Edgar Allan Poe (; born Edgar Poe; Jan 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was an American author, poet, editor, and literary critic. Poe is best known for his poetry and short stories, particularly his tales of mystery and the macabre. He is widely regarded as a central effigy of Romanticism in the U.s., and of American literature. Poe was i of the country's earliest practitioners of the short story, and considered to be the inventor of the detective fiction genre, equally well equally a significant contributor to the emerging genre of science fiction.^[1] Poe was the first well-known American writer to earn a living through writing alone, resulting in a financially difficult life and career.^[2]

Poe was born in Boston, the second child of actors David and Elizabeth "Eliza" Poe.^[three] His father abandoned the family in 1810, and when his mother died the following yr, Poe was taken in by John and Frances Allan of Richmond, Virginia. They never formally adopted him, but he was with them well into young adulthood. He attended the University of Virginia just left after a year due to lack of money. He quarreled with Allan over the funds for his didactics, and his gambling debts. In 1827, having enlisted in the United States Army under an causeless proper noun, he published his start collection Tamerlane and Other Poems, credited only to "a Bostonian". Poe and Allan reached a temporary rapprochement after the death of Allan'south wife in 1829. Poe later on failed as an officer cadet at West Point, declared a firm wish to be a poet and writer, and parted means with Allan.

Poe switched his focus to prose and spent the next several years working for literary journals and periodicals, becoming known for his ain style of literary criticism. His work forced him to move amongst several cities, including Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York Metropolis. In 1836, he married his 13-year-quondam cousin, Virginia Clemm, merely she died of tuberculosis in 1847. In January 1845, Poe published his poem "The Raven" to instant success. He planned for years to produce his own journal The Penn (later renamed The Stylus), but before information technology could be produced, he died in Baltimore on October 7, 1849, at age 40, under mysterious circumstances. The cause of his death remains unknown, and has been variously attributed to many causes including affliction, alcoholism, substance abuse, and suicide.^[4]

Poe and his works influenced literature around the earth, as well as specialized fields such as cosmology and cryptography. He and his piece of work appear throughout popular culture in literature, music, films, and television. A number of his homes are dedicated museums today. The Mystery Writers of America present an annual award known every bit the Edgar Laurels for distinguished work in the mystery genre.

Early life

Plaque in Boston marker the approximate location of Poe's birth

Edgar Poe was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on Jan nineteen, 1809, the second child of English language-born actress Elizabeth Arnold Hopkins Poe and actor David Poe Jr. He had an elder brother named William Henry Leonard Poe and a younger sister named Rosalie Poe.^[5] Their grandfather, David Poe Sr., emigrated from Canton Cavan, Ireland, effectually 1750.^[6] Edgar may have been named after a graphic symbol in William Shakespeare's Rex Lear, which the couple were performing in 1809.^[vii] His father abandoned the family in 1810,^[8] and his mother died a twelvemonth later on from consumption (pulmonary tuberculosis). Poe was so taken into the home of John Allan, a successful merchant in Richmond, Virginia, who dealt in a diversity of appurtenances, including material, wheat, tombstones, tobacco, and slaves.^[9] The Allans served equally a foster family and gave him the proper noun "Edgar Allan Poe",^[10] though they never formally adopted him.^[11]

The Allan family unit had Poe baptized into the Episcopal Church in 1812. John Allan alternately spoiled and aggressively disciplined his foster son.^[10] The family sailed to the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland in 1815, and Poe attended the grammar school for a short menstruum in Irvine, North Ayrshire, Scotland (where Allan was born) before rejoining the family in London in 1816. There he studied at a boarding schoolhouse in Chelsea until summer 1817. He was subsequently entered at the Reverend John Bransby's Estate Firm Schoolhouse at Stoke Newington, then a suburb 4 miles (six km) north of London.^[12]

Poe moved with the Allans back to Richmond in 1820. In 1824, he served every bit the lieutenant of the Richmond youth honour baby-sit equally the metropolis celebrated the visit of the Marquis de Lafayette.^[13] In March 1825, Allan's uncle and business benefactor William Galt died, who was said to exist 1 of the wealthiest men in Richmond,^[14] leaving Allan several acres of real estate. The inheritance was estimated at $750,000 (equivalent to $17,000,000 in 2020).^[15] By summer 1825, Allan celebrated his expansive wealth by purchasing a ii-story brick house called Moldavia.^[16]

Poe may take go engaged to Sarah Elmira Royster earlier he registered at the University of Virginia in Feb 1826 to study aboriginal and modern languages.^[17] ^[eighteen] The academy was in its infancy, established on the ideals of its founder Thomas Jefferson. Information technology had strict rules against gambling, horses, guns, tobacco, and booze, but these rules were mostly ignored. Jefferson had enacted a system of student cocky-government, allowing students to cull their ain studies, make their ain arrangements for boarding, and report all wrongdoing to the faculty. The unique system was still in chaos, and there was a high dropout charge per unit.^[19] During his time at that place, Poe lost bear on with Royster and also became estranged from his foster father over gambling debts. He claimed that Allan had non given him sufficient coin to register for classes, purchase texts, and procure and furnish a dormitory. Allan did ship additional money and clothes, but Poe's debts increased.^[20] Poe gave up on the university afterward a twelvemonth but did not feel welcome returning to Richmond, especially when he learned that his sweetheart Royster had married another human, Alexander Shelton. He traveled to Boston in April 1827, sustaining himself with odd jobs as a clerk and paper writer,^[21] and he started using the pseudonym Henri Le Rennet during this period.^[22]

Military career

Poe was unable to support himself, so he enlisted in the Usa Army every bit a individual on May 27, 1827, using the name "Edgar A. Perry". He claimed that he was 22 years onetime fifty-fifty though he was 18.^[23] He commencement served at Fort Independence in Boston Harbor for five dollars a month.^[21] That aforementioned year, he released his first book, a forty-page collection of verse titled Tamerlane and Other Poems, attributed with the byline "past a Bostonian". Only l copies were printed, and the volume received virtually no attending.^[24] Poe'southward regiment was posted to Fort Moultrie in Charleston, Due south Carolina, and traveled by send on the brig Waltham on November 8, 1827. Poe was promoted to "artificer", an enlisted tradesman who prepared shells for arms, and had his monthly pay doubled.^[25] He served for two years and attained the rank of Sergeant Major for Artillery (the highest rank that a non-commissioned officeholder could achieve); he then sought to end his 5-year enlistment early. Poe revealed his real name and his circumstances to his commanding officer, Lieutenant Howard, who would only allow Poe to be discharged if he reconciled with Allan. Poe wrote a letter to Allan, who was unsympathetic and spent several months ignoring Poe's pleas; Allan may not accept written to Poe even to make him enlightened of his foster female parent's illness. Frances Allan died on February 28, 1829, and Poe visited the twenty-four hour period after her burial. Maybe softened by his married woman'south expiry, Allan agreed to support Poe'south attempt to exist discharged in order to receive an appointment to the United States Armed forces Academy at West Point, New York.^[26]

Poe was finally discharged on April xv, 1829, after securing a replacement to finish his enlisted term for him.^[27] Before entering Due west Point, he moved back to Baltimore for a time to stay with his widowed aunt Maria Clemm, her daughter Virginia Eliza Clemm (Poe'due south offset cousin), his brother Henry, and his invalid grandmother Elizabeth Cairnes Poe.^[28] In September of that twelvemonth, Poe received "the very start words of encouragement I ever remember to have heard"^[29] in a review of his poetry by influential critic John Neal, prompting Poe to dedicate one of the poems to Neal^[thirty] in his second book Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane and Small-scale Poems, published in Baltimore in 1829.^[31]

Poe traveled to West Point and matriculated as a cadet on July i, 1830.^[32] In October 1830, Allan married his second wife Louisa Patterson.^[33] The matrimony and bitter quarrels with Poe over the children born to Allan out of extramarital affairs led to the foster father finally disowning Poe.^[34] Poe decided to go out W Point by purposely getting court-martialed. On Feb 8, 1831, he was tried for gross neglect of duty and disobedience of orders for refusing to attend formations, classes, or church. He tactically pleaded not guilty to induce dismissal, knowing that he would exist institute guilty.^[35]

Poe left for New York in February 1831 and released a 3rd volume of poems, simply titled Poems. The book was financed with assistance from his young man cadets at W Point, many of whom donated 75 cents to the cause, raising a total of $170. They may have been expecting verses like to the satirical ones that Poe had been writing about commanding officers.^[36] Information technology was printed by Elam Elation of New York, labeled as "Second Edition," and including a page saying, "To the U.S. Corps of Cadets this volume is respectfully dedicated". The book once again reprinted the long poems "Tamerlane" and "Al Aaraaf" but also six previously unpublished poems, including early versions of "To Helen", "Israfel", and "The City in the Body of water".^[37] Poe returned to Baltimore to his aunt, brother, and cousin in March 1831. His elder blood brother Henry had been in ill health, in part due to problems with alcoholism, and he died on Baronial one, 1831.^[38]

Publishing career

After his blood brother's death, Poe began more earnest attempts to start his career equally a writer, but he chose a hard fourth dimension in American publishing to exercise and so.^[39] He was one of the first Americans to alive by writing lonely^[two] ^[40] and was hampered past the lack of an international copyright law.^[41] American publishers oft produced unauthorized copies of British works rather than paying for new work by Americans.^[40] The industry was also peculiarly hurt by the Panic of 1837.^[42] There was a booming growth in American periodicals around this time, fueled in part by new applied science, but many did not last beyond a few bug.^[43] Publishers often refused to pay their writers or paid them much afterwards than they promised,^[44] and Poe repeatedly resorted to humiliating pleas for money and other assist.^[45]

Poe (age 26) obtained a license in 1835 to marry his cousin Virginia Clemm (age 13). They were married for eleven years until her death, which may accept inspired some of his writing.

After his early attempts at poesy, Poe had turned his attending to prose, likely based on John Neal's critiques in The Yankee magazine.^[46] He placed a few stories with a Philadelphia publication and began piece of work on his only drama Politian. The Baltimore Sat Visiter awarded him a prize in October 1833 for his short story "MS. Establish in a Bottle".^[47] The story brought him to the attending of John P. Kennedy, a Baltimorean of considerable means who helped Poe identify some of his stories and introduced him to Thomas West. White, editor of the Southern Literary Messenger in Richmond. Poe became assistant editor of the periodical in Baronial 1835,^[48] merely White discharged him within a few weeks for beingness drunk on the task.^[49] Poe returned to Baltimore where he obtained a license to marry his cousin Virginia on September 22, 1835, though it is unknown if they were married at that time.^[50] He was 26 and she was 13.

Poe was reinstated by White after promising expert beliefs, and he went dorsum to Richmond with Virginia and her mother. He remained at the Messenger until January 1837. During this period, Poe claimed that its circulation increased from 700 to 3,500.^[5] He published several poems, book reviews, critiques, and stories in the paper. On May 16, 1836, he and Virginia held a Presbyterian wedding ceremony anniversary performed by Amasa Converse at their Richmond boarding firm, with a witness falsely attesting Clemm'southward age as 21.^[50] ^[51]

Poe's novel The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket was published and widely reviewed in 1838.^[52] In the summer of 1839, Poe became assistant editor of Burton'due south Admirer'southward Magazine. He published numerous articles, stories, and reviews, enhancing his reputation as a trenchant critic which he had established at the Messenger. Likewise in 1839, the collection Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque was published in ii volumes, though he made little money from it and it received mixed reviews.^[53]

In June 1840, Poe published a prospectus announcing his intentions to kickoff his own periodical called The Stylus,^[54] although he originally intended to call information technology The Penn, as it would have been based in Philadelphia. He bought advertizing infinite for his prospectus in the June half-dozen, 1840 result of Philadelphia's Saturday Evening Post: "Prospectus of the Penn Magazine, a Monthly Literary journal to be edited and published in the metropolis of Philadelphia by Edgar A. Poe." ^[55] The periodical was never produced before Poe'due south expiry.

Poe left Burton's after about a year and constitute a position as writer and co-editor at the and then-very-successful monthly Graham'southward Magazine.^[56] In the last number of Graham'south for 1841, Poe was among the co-signatories to an editorial note of commemoration of the tremendous success that mag had achieved in the past twelvemonth: "Perhaps the editors of no magazine, either in America or in Europe, always sat down, at the close of a year, to contemplate the progress of their piece of work with more satisfaction than we do now. Our success has been unexampled, almost incredible. We may affirm without fear of contradiction that no periodical e'er witnessed the same increase during then brusque a period."^[57]

Around this time, Poe attempted to secure a position within the administration of President John Tyler, claiming that he was a member of the Whig Party.^[58] He hoped to be appointed to the Us Custom House in Philadelphia with assistance from President Tyler's son Robert,^[59] an acquaintance of Poe's friend Frederick Thomas.^[60] Poe failed to prove up for a meeting with Thomas to discuss the engagement in mid-September 1842, challenge to have been sick, though Thomas believed that he had been drunk.^[61] Poe was promised an appointment, but all positions were filled past others.^[62]

One evening in January 1842, Virginia showed the offset signs of consumption, at present known as tuberculosis, while singing and playing the pianoforte, which Poe described as breaking a blood vessel in her pharynx.^[63] She only partially recovered, and Poe began to potable more heavily nether the stress of her disease. He left Graham'southward and attempted to find a new position, for a fourth dimension angling for a government post. He returned to New York where he worked briefly at the Evening Mirror earlier becoming editor of the Broadway Periodical, and after its owner.^[64] There Poe alienated himself from other writers by publicly accusing Henry Wadsworth Longfellow of plagiarism, though Longfellow never responded.^[65] On January 29, 1845, his verse form "The Raven" appeared in the Evening Mirror and became a popular sensation. It made Poe a household name almost instantly,^[66] though he was paid merely $9 for its publication.^[67] It was meantime published in The American Review: A Whig Periodical under the pseudonym "Quarles".^[68]

The Broadway Journal failed in 1846,^[64] and Poe moved to a cottage in Fordham, New York, in what is now the Bronx. That home is at present known as the Edgar Allan Poe Cottage, relocated to a park near the southeast corner of the Grand Concourse and Kingsbridge Route. Nearby, Poe befriended the Jesuits at St. John's College, now Fordham University.^[69] Virginia died at the cottage on January 30, 1847.^[70] Biographers and critics ofttimes advise that Poe's frequent theme of the "decease of a beautiful woman" stems from the repeated loss of women throughout his life, including his wife.^[71]

Poe was increasingly unstable after his wife's expiry. He attempted to court poet Sarah Helen Whitman who lived in Providence, Rhode Island. Their engagement failed, purportedly because of Poe's drinking and erratic behavior. At that place is besides strong bear witness that Whitman's mother intervened and did much to derail their relationship.^[72] Poe then returned to Richmond and resumed a relationship with his childhood sweetheart Sarah Elmira Royster.^[73]

Death

On Oct 3, 1849, Poe was establish delirious on the streets of Baltimore, "in great distress, and... in need of immediate help", according to Joseph W. Walker, who found him.^[74] He was taken to the Washington Medical College, where he died on Sunday, October seven, 1849, at 5:00 in the forenoon.^[75] Poe was not coherent long enough to explain how he came to be in his dire status and was wearing apparel that were not his own. He is said to take repeatedly called out the proper name "Reynolds" on the night before his decease, though it is unclear to whom he was referring. Some sources say that Poe'south concluding words were, "Lord aid my poor soul".^[75] All medical records take been lost, including Poe's death document.^[76]

Newspapers at the fourth dimension reported Poe'due south death as "congestion of the brain" or "cerebral inflammation", mutual euphemisms for death from disreputable causes such as alcoholism.^[77] The actual cause of death remains a mystery.^[78] Speculation has included delirium tremens, heart disease, epilepsy, syphilis, meningeal inflammation,^[4] cholera,^[79] carbon monoxide poisoning,^[80] and rabies.^[81] One theory dating from 1872 suggests that cooping was the crusade of Poe's decease, a course of electoral fraud in which citizens were forced to vote for a detail candidate, sometimes leading to violence and fifty-fifty murder.^[82]

Griswold's "Memoir"

Immediately later on Poe's decease, his literary rival Rufus Wilmot Griswold wrote a slanted high-profile obituary nether a pseudonym, filled with falsehoods that cast him every bit a lunatic and a madman, and which described him equally a person who "walked the streets, in madness or melancholy, with lips moving in indistinct curses, or with eyes upturned in passionate prayers, (never for himself, for he felt, or professed to feel, that he was already damned)".^[83]

The long obituary appeared in the New York Tribune signed "Ludwig" on the day that Poe was cached. It was shortly further published throughout the land. The piece began, "Edgar Allan Poe is expressionless. He died in Baltimore the day before yesterday. This announcement will startle many, just few will be grieved by information technology."^[84] "Ludwig" was presently identified as Griswold, an editor, critic, and anthologist who had borne a grudge against Poe since 1842. Griswold somehow became Poe'southward literary executor and attempted to destroy his enemy's reputation after his death.^[85]

Griswold wrote a biographical commodity of Poe chosen "Memoir of the Author", which he included in an 1850 volume of the nerveless works. At that place he depicted Poe as a depraved, drunken, drug-addled madman and included Poe'south messages as evidence.^[85] Many of his claims were either lies or distortions; for example, it is seriously disputed that Poe was a drug addict.^[86] Griswold's book was denounced past those who knew Poe well,^[87] including John Neal, who published an article defending Poe and attacking Griswold as a "Rhadamanthus, who is not to be bilked of his fee, a thimble-full of paper notoriety".^[88] Griswold'south book nevertheless became a popularly accustomed biographical source. This was in part considering it was the just full biography available and was widely reprinted, and in role considering readers thrilled at the idea of reading works past an "evil" man.^[89] Letters that Griswold presented as proof were later on revealed as forgeries.^[90]

Literary style and themes

Genres

Poe'due south best known fiction works are Gothic,^[91] adhering to the genre'southward conventions to entreatment to the public taste.^[92] His most recurring themes bargain with questions of death, including its physical signs, the effects of decomposition, concerns of premature burial, the reanimation of the dead, and mourning.^[93] Many of his works are generally considered part of the dark romanticism genre, a literary reaction to transcendentalism^[94] which Poe strongly disliked.^[95] He referred to followers of the transcendental movement as "Frog-Pondians", subsequently the swimming on Boston Common,^[96] ^[97] and ridiculed their writings as "metaphor—run mad,"^[98] lapsing into "obscurity for obscurity's sake" or "mysticism for mysticism'southward sake".^[95] Poe once wrote in a alphabetic character to Thomas Holley Chivers that he did not dislike transcendentalists, "only the pretenders and sophists among them".^[99]

Beyond horror, Poe also wrote satires, sense of humour tales, and hoaxes. For comic outcome, he used irony and ludicrous extravagance, ofttimes in an try to liberate the reader from cultural conformity.^[92] "Metzengerstein" is the outset story that Poe is known to accept published^[100] and his showtime foray into horror, but information technology was originally intended as a burlesque satirizing the popular genre.^[101] Poe also reinvented science fiction, responding in his writing to emerging technologies such as hot air balloons in "The Balloon-Hoax".^[102]

Poe wrote much of his piece of work using themes aimed specifically at mass-market place tastes.^[103] To that end, his fiction often included elements of popular pseudosciences, such as phrenology^[104] and physiognomy.^[105]

Literary theory

Poe's writing reflects his literary theories, which he presented in his criticism and also in essays such as "The Poetic Principle".^[106] He disliked didacticism^[107] and apologue,^[108] though he believed that meaning in literature should be an undercurrent merely beneath the surface. Works with obvious meanings, he wrote, terminate to be art.^[109] He believed that work of quality should exist brief and focus on a specific unmarried effect.^[106] To that end, he believed that the writer should advisedly calculate every sentiment and thought.^[110]

Poe describes his method in writing "The Raven" in the essay "The Philosophy of Composition", and he claims to have strictly followed this method. It has been questioned whether he really followed this system, withal. T. Due south. Eliot said: "It is difficult for us to read that essay without reflecting that if Poe plotted out his poem with such calculation, he might have taken a little more pains over information technology: the result hardly does credit to the method."^[111] Biographer Joseph Wood Krutch described the essay equally "a rather highly ingenious exercise in the art of rationalization".^[112]

Legacy

Influence

During his lifetime, Poe was more often than not recognized every bit a literary critic. Fellow critic James Russell Lowell called him "the almost discriminating, philosophical, and fearless critic upon imaginative works who has written in America", suggesting—rhetorically—that he occasionally used prussic acid instead of ink.^[113] Poe's caustic reviews earned him the reputation of being a "tomahawk human".^[114] A favorite target of Poe's criticism was Boston's acclaimed poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, who was often defended by his literary friends in what was later called "The Longfellow War". Poe defendant Longfellow of "the heresy of the didactic", writing poesy that was preachy, derivative, and thematically plagiarized.^[115] Poe correctly predicted that Longfellow's reputation and mode of poesy would decline, final, "Nosotros grant him loftier qualities, but deny him the Hereafter".^[116]

Poe was likewise known equally a writer of fiction and became ane of the first American authors of the 19th century to get more than popular in Europe than in the United States.^[117] Poe is particularly respected in France, in function due to early translations by Charles Baudelaire. Baudelaire's translations became definitive renditions of Poe's work in Continental Europe.^[118]

Poe's early detective fiction tales featuring C. Auguste Dupin laid the groundwork for time to come detectives in literature. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle said, "Each [of Poe'south detective stories] is a root from which a whole literature has developed.... Where was the detective story until Poe breathed the breath of life into it?"^[119] The Mystery Writers of America have named their awards for excellence in the genre the "Edgars".^[120] Poe'southward piece of work also influenced science fiction, notably Jules Verne, who wrote a sequel to Poe's novel The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket called An Antarctic Mystery, besides known as The Sphinx of the Ice Fields.^[121] Science fiction author H. G. Wells noted, "Pym tells what a very intelligent listen could imagine nigh the south polar region a century ago".^[122] In 2013, The Guardian cited Pym equally one of the greatest novels ever written in the English language, and noted its influence on subsequently authors such as Doyle, Henry James, B. Traven, and David Morrell.^[123]

Horror author and historian H. P. Lovecraft was heavily influenced by Poe'southward horror tales, dedicating an entire section of his long essay, "Supernatural Horror in Literature", to his influence on the genre. In his letters, Lovecraft stated, "When I write stories, Edgar Allan Poe is my model."^[124] Alfred Hitchcock once said, "It'south considering I liked Edgar Allan Poe's stories then much that I began to make suspense films".^[125]

Like many famous artists, Poe's works accept spawned imitators.^[126] One trend amongst imitators of Poe has been claims by clairvoyants or psychics to be "channeling" poems from Poe's spirit. Ane of the most notable of these was Lizzie Doten, who published Poems from the Inner Life in 1863, in which she claimed to have "received" new compositions by Poe's spirit. The compositions were re-workings of famous Poe poems such every bit "The Bells", but which reflected a new, positive outlook.^[127]

Poe, in a modern retouched version of the "Ultima Thule" daguerreotype

Yet, Poe has also received criticism. This is partly considering of the negative perception of his personal character and its influence upon his reputation.^[117] William Butler Yeats was occasionally disquisitional of Poe and once chosen him "vulgar".^[128] Transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson reacted to "The Raven" by saying, "I see nothing in it",^[129] and derisively referred to Poe as "the jingle man".^[130] Aldous Huxley wrote that Poe'southward writing "falls into vulgarity" by being "also poetical"—the equivalent of wearing a diamond ring on every finger.^[131]

It is believed that simply twelve copies have survived of Poe's commencement book Tamerlane and Other Poems. In December 2009, one copy sold at Christie's auctioneers in New York Metropolis for $662,500, a record cost paid for a piece of work of American literature.^[132]

Physics and cosmology

Eureka: A Prose Poem, an essay written in 1848, included a cosmological theory that presaged the Large Bang theory by 80 years,^[133] ^[134] as well equally the first plausible solution to Olbers' paradox.^[135] ^[136] Poe eschewed the scientific method in Eureka and instead wrote from pure intuition.^[137] For this reason, he considered information technology a work of fine art, not scientific discipline,^[137] simply insisted that it was still true^[138] and considered it to be his career masterpiece.^[139] Even so, Eureka is full of scientific errors. In particular, Poe'southward suggestions ignored Newtonian principles regarding the density and rotation of planets.^[140]

Cryptography

Poe had a nifty interest in cryptography. He had placed a find of his abilities in the Philadelphia paper Alexander's Weekly (Express) Messenger, inviting submissions of ciphers which he proceeded to solve.^[141] In July 1841, Poe had published an essay called "A Few Words on Secret Writing" in Graham'southward Magazine. Capitalizing on public involvement in the topic, he wrote "The Gold-Problems" incorporating ciphers as an essential role of the story.^[142] Poe'southward success with cryptography relied not so much on his deep noesis of that field (his method was limited to the uncomplicated substitution cryptogram) as on his knowledge of the magazine and newspaper civilization. His keen analytical abilities, which were and then evident in his detective stories, immune him to come across that the full general public was largely ignorant of the methods by which a simple substitution cryptogram can be solved, and he used this to his advantage.^[141] The sensation that Poe created with his cryptography stunts played a major part in popularizing cryptograms in newspapers and magazines.^[143]

Two ciphers he published in 1841 under the name "Due west. B. Tyler" were not solved until 1992 and 2000 respectively. One was a quote from Joseph Addison'southward play Cato; the other is probably based on a poem past Hester Thrale.^[144] ^[145]

Poe had an influence on cryptography beyond increasing public interest during his lifetime. William Friedman, America'southward foremost cryptologist, was heavily influenced by Poe.^[146] Friedman'southward initial involvement in cryptography came from reading "The Gold-Bug" as a child, an interest that he afterwards put to apply in deciphering Japan's Royal code during Earth War 2.^[147]

In popular culture

As a character

The historical Edgar Allan Poe has appeared equally a fictionalized character, ofttimes representing the "mad genius" or "tormented artist" and exploiting his personal struggles.^[148] Many such depictions as well blend in with characters from his stories, suggesting that Poe and his characters share identities.^[149] Often, fictional depictions of Poe utilize his mystery-solving skills in such novels as The Poe Shadow by Matthew Pearl.^[150]

Preserved homes, landmarks, and museums

No childhood home of Poe is all the same continuing, including the Allan family'due south Moldavia estate. The oldest standing dwelling house in Richmond, the Former Rock House, is in use as the Edgar Allan Poe Museum, though Poe never lived there. The drove includes many items that Poe used during his fourth dimension with the Allan family unit, and also features several rare first printings of Poe works. 13 Westward Range is the dorm room that Poe is believed to have used while studying at the Academy of Virginia in 1826; it is preserved and bachelor for visits. Its budget is at present overseen by a group of students and staff known every bit the Raven Gild.^[151]

The earliest surviving home in which Poe lived is in Baltimore, preserved as the Edgar Allan Poe House and Museum. Poe is believed to have lived in the home at the age of 23 when he offset lived with Maria Clemm and Virginia (as well every bit his grandmother and possibly his brother William Henry Leonard Poe).^[152] It is open to the public and is also the abode of the Edgar Allan Poe Order. Of the several homes that Poe, his married woman Virginia, and his mother-in-law Maria rented in Philadelphia, merely the last firm has survived. The Spring Garden home, where the author lived in 1843–1844, is today preserved by the National Park Service every bit the Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site.^[153] Poe's final home is preserved as the Edgar Allan Poe Cottage in the Bronx.^[lxx]

In Boston, a commemorative plaque on Boylston Street is several blocks away from the actual location of Poe's nativity.^[154] ^[155] ^[156] ^[157] The business firm which was his birthplace at 62 Carver Street no longer exists; also, the street has since been renamed "Charles Street South".^[158] ^[157] A "square" at the intersection of Broadway, Fayette, and Carver Streets had once been named in his honor,^[159] but it disappeared when the streets were rearranged. In 2009, the intersection of Charles and Boylston Streets (two blocks north of his birthplace) was designated "Edgar Allan Poe Square".^[160]

In March 2014, fundraising was completed for structure of a permanent memorial sculpture, known as Poe Returning to Boston, at this location. The winning design by Stefanie Rocknak depicts a life-sized Poe striding confronting the current of air, accompanied by a flying raven; his suitcase lid has fallen open, leaving a "paper trail" of literary works embedded in the sidewalk behind him.^[161] ^[162] ^[163] The public unveiling on Oct 5, 2014, was attended by onetime U.S. poet laureate Robert Pinsky.^[164]

Other Poe landmarks include a edifice on the Upper W Side where Poe temporarily lived when he first moved to New York. A plaque suggests that Poe wrote "The Raven" hither. On Sullivan's Isle in Charleston, S Carolina, the setting of Poe'south tale "The Gold-Bug" and where Poe served in the Army in 1827 at Fort Moultrie, there is a restaurant chosen Poe'due south Tavern. In Fell's Point, Baltimore, a bar still stands where fable says that Poe was concluding seen drinking before his expiry. Now known equally "The Horse Y'all Came in On", local lore insists that a ghost whom they telephone call "Edgar" haunts the rooms above.^[165]

Photographs

Early daguerreotypes of Poe proceed to arouse great interest among literary historians.^[166] Notable amidst them are:

"Ultima Thule" ("far discovery") to honor the new photographic technique; taken in November 1848 in Providence, Rhode Island, probably by Edwin H. Manchester
"Annie", given to Poe's friend Annie 50. Richmond; probably taken in June 1849 in Lowell, Massachusetts, photographer unknown

Poe Toaster

Betwixt 1949 and 2009, a canteen of cognac and three roses were left at Poe'south original grave marker every Jan 19 by an unknown visitor affectionately referred to as the "Poe Toaster". Sam Porpora was a historian at the Westminster Church in Baltimore where Poe is cached, and he claimed on August fifteen, 2007, that he had started the tradition in 1949. Porpora said that the tradition began in guild to raise coin and enhance the profile of the church. His story has not been confirmed,^[167] and some details which he gave to the printing are factually inaccurate.^[168] The Poe Toaster's terminal advent was on January 19, 2009, the day of Poe's bicentennial.^[169]

List of selected works

Short stories

"The Black Cat"
"The Cask of Amontillado"
"A Descent into the Maelström"
"The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar"
"The Fall of the House of Usher"
"The Gold-Bug"
"Hop-Frog"
"The Imp of the Perverse"
"Ligeia"
"The Masque of the Red Death"
"Morella"
"The Murders in the Rue Morgue"
"Never Bet the Devil Your Head"
"The Oval Portrait"
"The Pit and the Pendulum"
"The Premature Burying"
"The Purloined Letter"
"The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether"
"The Tell-Tale Heart"
"Loss of Jiff"

Poetry

"Al Aaraaf"
"Annabel Lee"
"The Bells"
"The City in the Sea"
"The Conqueror Worm"
"A Dream Within a Dream"
"Eldorado"
"Eulalie"
"The Haunted Palace"
"To Helen"
"Lenore"
"Tamerlane"
"The Raven"
"Ulalume"

Other works

Politian (1835) – Poe'southward only play
The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket (1838) – Poe's only consummate novel
The Journal of Julius Rodman (1840) – Poe's 2nd, unfinished novel
"The Balloon-Hoax" (1844) – A journalistic hoax printed as a truthful story
"The Philosophy of Composition" (1846) – Essay
Eureka: A Prose Poem (1848) – Essay
"The Poetic Principle" (1848) – Essay
"The Light-House" (1849) – Poe's last, incomplete work

See as well

Edgar Allan Poe and music
Edgar Allan Poe in television set and film
Edgar Allan Poe in popular culture
List of coupled cousins
USS E.A. Poe (IX-103)

References

Citations

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^ ^a ^b Meyers 1992, p. 138
^ Semtner, Christopher P. (2012). Edgar Allan Poe'southward Richmond : the Raven in the River Urban center. Charleston [SC]: History Printing. p. 15. ISBN978-1-60949-607-4. OCLC 779472206.
^ ^a ^b Meyers 1992, p. 256
^ ^a ^b Allen 1927
^ Quinn 1998, p. 13.
^ Nelson 1981, p. 65.
^ Canada 1997.
^ Meyers 1992, p. eight.
^ ^a ^b Meyers 1992, p. nine
^ Quinn 1998, p. 61.
^ Silverman 1991, pp. xvi–xviii.
^ PoeMuseum.org 2006.
^ Meyers 1992, p. 20.
^ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Coin? A Historical Price Alphabetize for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Alphabetize for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the The states (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Depository financial institution of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Alphabetize (guess) 1800–". Retrieved Jan 1, 2020.
^ Silverman 1991, pp. 27–28.
^ Silverman 1991, pp. 29–30.
^ University of Virginia. A Catalogue of the Officers and Students of the University of Virginia. Second Session, Commencing February 1st, 1826. Charlottesville, VA: Chronicle Steam Book Press House, 1880, p. 10
^ Meyers 1992, pp. 21–22.
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^ ^a ^b Meyers 1992, p. 32
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^ Graham, George; Embury, E.; Peterson, Charles; Stephens, A.; Poe, Edgar (Dec 1841). "The Closing Year". Graham'due south Magazine. Philadelphia, PA: George R. Graham. Retrieved Dec two, 2020. We began the twelvemonth almost unknown; certainly far behind our contemporaries in numbers; we close it with a list of twenty-five k subscribers, and the assurance on every manus that our popularity has as withal seen only its dawning. (See folio 308 of .pdf)
^ Quinn 1998, pp. 321–322.
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^ Schroth, Raymond A. Fordham: A History and Memoir. New York: Fordham University Press, 2008: 22–25.
^ ^a ^b BronxHistoricalSociety.org 2007
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^ Benton 1987, p. 19.
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^ Bramsback 1970, p. 40.
^ Silverman 1991, pp. 435–436.
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^ CrimeLibrary.com 2008.
^ Geiling, Natasha. "The (Still) Mysterious Death of Edgar Allan Poe". Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved May 3, 2021.
^ Benitez 1996.
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^ Van Luling, Todd (January 19, 2017). "A Vengeful Curvation-Nemesis Taught You Fake News Near Edgar Allan Poe". Huffington Mail . Retrieved July 23, 2019.
^ Meyers 1992, p. 259: To read Griswold's total obituary, see Edgar Allan Poe obituary at Wikisource.
^ ^a ^b Hoffman 1998, p. 14
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^ Sova 2001, p. 101.
^ Lease 1972, p. 194, quoting Neal.
^ Meyers 1992, p. 263.
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^ Harner 1990, p. 218.
^ Frank & Magistrale 1997, p. 103.
^ Neimeyer 2002, p. 206.
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^ Frank & Magistrale 1997, p. 372.
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^ New York Times 1894.
^ Huxley 1967, p. 32.
^ New York Daily News 2009.
^ Cappi 1994.
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^ Silverman 1991, p. 399.
^ Meyers 1992, p. 219.
^ Sova 2001, p. 82.
^ ^a ^b Silverman 1991, p. 152
^ Rosenheim 1997, pp. 2, vi.
^ Friedman 1993, pp. 40–41.
^ "Though some wondered whether Poe wrote the source text, I notice that information technology previously appeared in the Baltimore Sun of July 4, 1840; and that it was in turn based on a widely reprinted verse form ("Nuptial Repartee") that beginning appeared in the June 21, 1813, Morning Herald of London. A manuscript in the hand of Hester Thrale (i.e., Hester Lynch Piozzi) in Harvard'south library hints that she may exist the true author." From Edgar Allan Poe: The Fever Called Living by Paul Collins. Boston: New Harvest/Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2014: p. 111.
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External links

This audio file was created from a revision of this commodity dated 22 November 2008 (2008-xi-22), and does not reverberate subsequent edits.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe